ECB MEETING OF GOVERNING COUNCIL: NO CHANGES, AS EXPECTED

The official communiqué: "6 June 2013 - Monetary policy decisions. At today’s meeting the Governing Council of the ECB decided that the interest rate on the main refinancing operations and the interest rates on the marginal lending facility and the deposit facility will remain unchanged at 0.50%, 1.00% and 0.00% respectively. The President of the ECB will comment on the considerations underlying these decisions at a press conference starting at 2.30 p.m. CET today". Text of press conference: see.

Two things to note: (1) subdued inflation expectations: "The underlying price pressure in the euro area is expected to remain subdued"; (2) the progress made in terms of fragmentation of credit markets within the Eurozone:

It is essential that the fragmentation of euro area credit markets continues to decline further and that the resilience of banks is strengthened where needed. Progress has been made since last summer in improving the funding situation of banks, in strengthening the domestic deposit base in stressed countries and in reducing reliance on the Eurosystem as reflected in repayments of the three-year LTROs.
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[BANKS] ON THE ECB'S "SAFETY VALVE"

Nice3 WSJ article on the problems faced by the ECB (*). The "safety valve" has worked, and a complete meltdown has been avoided. But credit is still not flowing to businesses in Southern Europe.

 

Mario Draghi has toiled to repair the euro zone’s broken financial engine, fueling banks with cheap loans and installing a safety valve through an openended bond-buying program. This has calmed financial markets. But the European Central Bank president still can’t seem to fix the transmission. Until that happens, further rate cuts or bank- support measures may have little effect. As it is, the ECB is expected to hold rates steady at 0.75% after Thursday’s monthly meeting.

 

A cut can’t be ruled out with inflation below the ECB’s 2% target, at 1.8%, and expected to fall more in coming months. Even if a cut occurs, though, it wouldn’t do much for countries in Southern Europe. In healthy economies such as Germany, lower ECB rates feed through the economy by spurring consumer borrowing and business financing for investment. Not so in Spain and Italy. Their economies are mired in deep recessions and unemployment is at euro- era records. Political uncertainty remains high, especially in Italy. There, risk- averse banks aren’t likely to cut rates for privatesector clients.

 

 

 

“If the ECB cuts interest rates, it does so to the benefit of Germany but not Italy, that’s the whole problem with the transmission mechanism,” said UniCredit’s Marco Valli. The ECB offered a grim reminder of this on Tuesday. Small businesses in Spain, Italy and Portugal paid much higher rates for loans in January than their German counterparts, according to a monthly report. Policy makers could try to narrow this gap. One option is to lower the discounts, or haircuts, that they apply to small- business loans posted by commercial banks as collateral for ECB funds.

That would encourage banks to extend more of these loans. But the ECB tinkered with collateral rules before with little effect. Relaxing them further may stir the rancor of the bank’s conservative wing, led by Germany’s Bundesbank. That leaves the ECB in a tight spot. Car registrations in Mr. Draghi’s native Italy plunged 17% in February from a year earlier. They were down 12% in France. Until the ECB’s top mechanic finds a way to juice the economy, European households aren’t likely to rev their own spending engines.

(*) Brian Blackstone: "ECB Mechaninc Gropes for Right Wrench", Wall Street Journal, 6 March 2013.

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(See also this WSJ editorial, 7 March 2013: "[Recent ECB steps have] helped prevent panic in the bond markets despite the unsettled Italian election result. But preventing disaster isn't the same as promoting growth. The monetary transmission mechanism, whereby ECB policy decisions influence the real economy, remains broken. In the euro area as a whole, household and company borrowing rates are about 1 to 1.2 percentage points higher than might be expected based on Euribor and sovereign-bond yields, based on JP Morgan, with particular problems in Italy, Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands.)
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[MONETARY POLICY] EARLY EFFECTS OF LTRO (March 2012)

[Old but useful info!] A very interesting and prescient Financial Times article by Patrick Jenkins, Mary Watkins and Rachel Sanderson (FT, Friday Marc 2 2012):

Despite the smattering of criticism —form Bundesbank president Jens Weidmann and from Standard Chartered chief executive Peter Sands— Mario Draghi's injection of three-year European Central Bank momey into the eurozone banking system remains widely popular. The second phase of the so-called long-term refinancing operation on Wednesday attracted funding requests from 800 banks for a combined €529.5bn, with Italian and Spanish banks again dominating the take-up of funds.

Although there was no official disclosure from the ECB of who got what, various banks and associations announced a selection of data. Overall, Italian banks accounted for €139bn of the total, with Spanish banks estimated to have been allocated €110-€120bn. One surprise was that half of the banks involved were German, though together they have thought to have accounted for less than €100bn of the funds, suggesting the money went to small regional savings banks.

Two institutions —Italy's Intesa San Paolo and Spain's Bankia— appear to have dominated the auction, taking €24bn and €25bn respectively, almost twice as much as the next tier of banks. The question now is what banks will do with the funds. Many are expected to play a carry trade on their own domestic government debt, making the most on the spread between the 1 per cent interest on the LTRO funds and rates on Italian government bonds, for example, of as much as 5 per cent.

Figures from the ECB showed that banks in Italy and Spain increased their holdings of sovereign bonds in January by about €50bn. There has been a corresponding drop in government's cost of funding since the start of the year. Yields on Italian 10-year debt fell below 5 per cent yesterday for the first time in August, having touched 7.5 per cent last year. There is less confidence about the flow-through of LTRO funds to the 'real' economy. "Credit conditions are still tight in Spain, Italy and Eastern Europe", says Huw van Steenis, analyst at Morgan Stanley.

Funding to Italian business fell by €20bn in December and again in January, though Andrea Belratti, superviserory board chairman at Intesa, suggests there may now be a change of mood. "We think it's a win-win situation from the point of view of the bank", he told the Financial Times, indicating that LTRO funds would be directed both to government bonds and lending to corporate clients.

That win-win could extend to banks' broader funding base, too. The LTRO has led to a pick-up in bank bond issuance after a slow end to 2011 when low confidence led to a dearth of deals, particularly in the senior unsecured market, traditionally the bedrock of the bank funding market. The confidence boost from the LTRO has given investors greater appetite to buy bank paper again, while the fall in government debt yields that accompanied the operations has flowed through to lower banks's own funding costs, too.

In January, there was a surge of issuance in covered bonds —a highly collateralised form of debt— as banks took advantage of improved market sentiment to get deals done and cash-rich investors felt confident enough to recommit to the eurozone. The senior unsercured dent market also re-opened after months of disruption. "Market conditions, partially as a result of the LTRO programme in December, allowed banks to raise senior senior unsecured financing at attractive levels after having limited access in the second halft of 2011", says Chris Tuffey, co-head of European credit capital markets at Credit Suisse.

By February, some of that confidence had split over the southern European countries, which had been in effect locked out of the public markets for months amid the sovereign debt crisis. Led by Intesa and Santander, Italian and Spanish banks have also been keen issuers. "Spanish banks were the most active issuers in February despite also being some of the heaviest takers of ECB liquidity in December", Barclays Capital credit analysts wrote in a note to clients, predicting that the second injection of ECB three-year funding could spur a glut of commercial market bond issuance.

As well as the indirect benefits of the LTRO, some say cheap ECB money is being used by banks to buy other banks' bonds. Nagging worries remain; the exercise does nothing to plug remaining capital deficits at a selection of banks, particularly in Spain and Italy. But with a virtuous cycle of funding helping so many banks in such different ways, the critics of Mr. Darghi's policy seem set to remain in the fringes for some time to come.

Intesa San Paolo [€12.0bn Dec. 2012, €24.0bn Feb. 2013]; Bankia [€15.0bn Dec. 2011, €25.0bn Feb 2013]; BBVA [€11.0bn Dec 2011; €11.0bn Feb. 2012]; UniCredit [€13.5bn Dec. 2012, €10.0bn]; Dexia €20.0bn Dec. 2012; €12.5bn Feb. 2013].
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